There are various parallel file systems available. In (roughly) descending order of popularity
- GPFS - IBM's General Parallel File System
- Lustre from Intel
- FhGFS - Fraunhofer File System
- Hadoop Distributed File System
- GFS - Google File System
- Panasas file system
For a more comprehensive list see, for example, Wikipedia
In many cases, there are several read/write heads and, under the right circumstances, codes can read and write in parallel thus reducing IO bottlenecks.
Typically, to read or write in parallel, a code would make use of
- MPI-2
- Hadoop